How does a laser oscilloscope work?

The oscilloscope was triggered by a photodiode that records the laser light. By fitting a single exponential to the voltage decay, the small perturbation lifetime was measured that could be converted to the full signal pseudo-first-order lifetime using the measured recombination order as outlined elsewhere.

Can organic solar cells be roll-to-roll compatible?

As the rise of nonfullerene acceptors (NFA) has allowed lab-scale organic solar cells (OSC) to reach 20% efficiency, translating these devices into roll-to-roll compatible fabrication still poses many challenges for researchers.

How to measure drift mobility of organic solar cells (OSCs)?

The drift mobility of an OSC measures by different techniques such as TOF, SCLC, CELIV and impedance spectroscopy. In the past few years, there have been impressive breakthroughs to enhance the structure of organic solar cells (OSCs) in order to improve the performance.

What are organic solar cells?

Organic solar cells (OSCs) hold the promise of low-cost, lightweight, flexible solar energy conversion technology, and in which have been attracting considerable research interest in the last 20 years.

What determines a solar cell's open-circuit voltage (V OC)?

This electric field determines the open-circuit voltage (V oc) of the solar cell , . One of the main charge transfer issues in low mobility materials is the free charge recombination. Due to low mobility, electron and hole cannot overcome their bound by coulomb potential and recombine before they get to the electrodes.

Why are organic solar cells used in large area and wearable applications?

Organic solar cells as low-cost, flexible, and echo-friendly photovoltaics are usable in large-area and wearable applications. The charge transportation quality in OSC describes by electrical parameters and equivalent circuit models. Mobility defines how fast free charges reach the electrodes and has important role in PCE determination.