How do you calculate the thermal balance for a battery pack?

The thermal balance for the battery pack can thus be obtained as in Equation (18): where , , and refer respectively to battery mass, specific heat, temperature, and exchange surface with the surrounding air. is a binary flag and its value is set to 1 when the battery air cooling system is in operation (i.e., Fan2 is activated).

What is the Ah-throughput of a battery?

Here, the Ah-throughput ( ) processed throughout the battery lifetime included the energy charged from the grid . was associated to the overall quantity of charge (in ampere-hours) that a battery is able to process before reaching its end of life and it is calculable as:

What can be done to improve the satisfaction of conflicting calibration objectives?

The satisfaction of conflicting calibration objectives can be enhanced in this way, including fuel economy and electrical energy economy enhancement, high-voltage battery lifetime safeguarding, and temperature control.

What factors affect the rate of cyclic ageing of a battery?

The rate of cyclic ageing depends on given battery operating factors such as the C-rate, state-of-charge (SOC), and battery temperature as examples [8, 9, 10]. In general, the more critical the battery operating conditions, the more rapidly the battery approaches its end-of-life (EOL).

How does battery degradation affect the performance of an electrified vehicle?

Battery degradation worsens the performance of the electrified vehicle both in terms of fuel economy and acceleration capability . Cyclic ageing that occurs during effective battery operation is normally considered the most critical ageing aspect .

Can HEV energy and thermal management improve battery life?

Indeed, an adaptation of HEV energy and thermal management according to the ambient temperature value may allow finding the optimal trade-off between an enhanced fuel economy and satisfactory high-voltage battery lifetime.